The gut-brain axis in schizophrenia: A narrative review from neuroimmunology

El eje microbiota–intestino–cerebro en la esquizofrenia: una revisión narrativa desde la neuroinmunología

Abstract

Schizophrenia is a severe and multifactorial mental disorder that represents a major public health challenge. In recent years, biomedical research has highlighted the role of the microbiota–gut–brain axis as a bidirectional communication system that modulates neurobiological, immunological, and metabolic processes implicated in the pathophysiology of mental disorders. This narrative review critically analyzes the evidence on the relationship between the gut microbiota and schizophrenia, with emphasis on neuroimmunological mechanisms, reported microbial alterations, and potential clinical implications. Observational studies, systematic reviews, and experimental research suggest the presence of intestinal dysbiosis, inflammatory activation, and changes in microbial metabolites in patients with schizophrenia. Finally, the review discusses current methodological limitations and the need for future research to clarify the directionality and clinical relevance of this association.