El ayuno intermitente, ¿un éxito o una desventaja para el cuidado de la salud?

Valentina Espinoza; Carolina Alarcón; Yaroleth Contreras; Fabiana Sepúlveda; Emilia Bustos; Angelica Palisi; Sharon Viscardi

doi:10.37527/2023.73.1.006

Autores/as

Valentina Espinoza Departamento de Procesos Diagnósticos y Evaluación, Facultad de Ciencias de la Salud, Universidad Católica de Temuco https://orcid.org/0000-0003-3303-7670
Carolina Alarcón Departamento de Procesos Diagnósticos y Evaluación, Facultad de Ciencias de la Salud, Universidad Católica de Temuco https://orcid.org/0000-0003-0964-5975
Yaroleth Contreras Departamento de Procesos Diagnósticos y Evaluación, Facultad de Ciencias de la Salud, Universidad Católica de Temuco https://orcid.org/0000-0003-4614-9591
Fabiana Sepúlveda Departamento de Procesos Diagnósticos y Evaluación, Facultad de Ciencias de la Salud, Universidad Católica de Temuco https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0666-1059
Emilia Bustos Escuela de medicina, Facultad de Ciencias, Universidad Mayor https://orcid.org/0000-0003-1173-0327
Angelica Palisi Ministry of Education, Universities and Research https://orcid.org/0000-0001-6533-0818
Sharon Viscardi Núcleo de Investigación en Producción Alimentaria, Facultad de Recursos Naturales, Universidad Católica de Temuco https://orcid.org/0000-0002-5018-4122

DOI:

https://doi.org/10.37527/2023.73.1.006

Palabras clave:

Ayuno Intermitente, Restricción Calórica, Ayuno con Restricción de Tiempo

Resumen

La incidencia de obesidad y sobrepeso en el mundo ha ido en aumento en los últimos años debido a la mala alimentación y la falta de actividad física; Las personas que padecen obesidad y sobrepeso, relacionadas con la desnutrición por exceso, suelen recurrir a dietas de restricción calórica que suelen ser poco efectivas. En este contexto, el ayuno intermitente (AI) se ha popularizado debido a las posibilidades de pérdida de peso que ofrece. Esta dieta consiste en alternar períodos de ayuno con alimentación sin restricciones; sin embargo, su eficacia y consecuencias son desconocidas para la mayoría de los usuarios. Esta revisión narrativa analiza si el ayuno intermitente contribuye a la mejora de la composición corporal y metabólica. El objetivo de la revisión fue examinar los datos disponibles sobre la contribución del ayuno intermitente a la mejora de la composición corporal y metabólica, con el fin de aportar información y definir los parámetros que condicionan la consecución segura de sus beneficios. Se ha encontrado que las alteraciones metabólicas van de la mano con la alteración de los ritmos circadianos; si AI contribuye a este efecto, puede ayudar a tratar y prevenir la obesidad y las enfermedades asociadas. Sin embargo, también existen desventajas, como la pérdida de masa muscular magra por atrofia y el aumento de la hipoglucemia.

Descargas

Los datos de descargas todavía no están disponibles.

Citas

Ministerio de Salud. Informe de Salud 2020.pdf [Internet]. 2020. Available from: https://www.ispandresbello.cl/wp-content/uploads/2020/10/informe-indice-desalud-2020.pdf

Muñoz-Hernández L, Márquez-López Z, Mehta R, Aguilar-Salinas CA. Intermittent Fasting as Part of the Management for T2DM: from Animal Models to Human Clinical Studies. Curr Diab Rep. 2020 12; 20(4):13, 1-10. https//:doi.org/10.1007/s11892-020-1295-2.

Aburto S, Cisterna M, Acuña J, Ruíz C, Viscardi S, Márquez JL, et al. Obesity as a Risk Factor for Severe COVID-19 in Hospitalized Patients: Epidemiology and Potential Mechanisms. Healthcare 2022; 10(10):1838. https://doi.org/10.3390/healthcare10101838

Pureza IROM, Macena ML, da Silva Junior AE, Praxedes DRS, Vasconcelos LGL, Bueno NB. Effect of early time-restricted feeding on the metabolic profile of adults with excess weight: A systematic review with meta-analysis. Clin Nutr. 2021; 40(4):1788-1799. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.clnu.2020.10.031.

Dong TA, Sandesara PB, Dhindsa DS. et al. Intermittent Fasting: A Heart Healthy Dietary Pattern? Am J Med. 2020;133(8):901–907. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.amjmed.2020.03.030

Ahmed N, Farooq J, Siddiqi HS et al. Impact of Intermittent Fasting on Lipid Profile–A Quasi-Randomized Clinical Trial. Front Nutr 2021; 7: 596787. https://doi.org/10.3389/fnut.2020.596787

Lessan N, Ali T. Energy Metabolism and Intermittent Fasting: The Ramadan Perspective. Nutrients. 2019 27; 11(5):1192. https://doi.org/10.3390/nu11051192.

Grajower MM, Horne BD. Clinical Management of Intermittent Fasting in Patients with Diabetes Mellitus. Nutrients. 2019 18;11(4):873. https://doi.org/10.3390/nu11040873.

de Cabo R, Mattson MP. Effects of Intermittent Fasting on Health, Aging, and Disease. Longo DL, editor. N Engl J Med. 2019 26;381(26):2541–2551. https://doi.org/10.1056/nejmra1905136

Malinowski B, Zalewska K, Węsierska A. et al. Intermittent Fasting in Cardiovascular Disorders—An Overview. Nutrients. 2019 20; 11(3):673. https://doi.org/10.3390/nu11030673

Lowe DA, Wu N, Rohdin-Bibby L, Moore AH, Kelly N, Liu YE, et al. Effects of Time-Restricted Eating on Weight Loss and Other Metabolic Parameters in Women and Men With Overweight and Obesity. JAMA Intern Med. 2020; 180(11):1491-1499. https://doi.org/10.1001/jamainternmed.2020.4153.

Crupi AN, Haase J, Brandhorst S, Longo VD. Periodic and Intermittent Fasting in Diabetes and Cardiovascular Disease. Curr Diab Rep. 2020 10;20(12):83. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11892-020-01362-4

Schroder JD, Falqueto H, Mânica A, Zanini D, de Oliveira T, de Sá CA, et al. Effects of time-restricted feeding in weight loss, metabolic syndrome and cardiovascular risk in obese women. J Transl Med. 2021; 19(1):3. https://doi.org/10.1186/s12967-020-02687-0

Zhang X, Zou Q, Zhao B, et al. Effects of alternate-day fasting, time-restricted fasting and intermittent energy restriction DSS-induced on colitis and behavioral disorders. Redox Biol.2020; 32:101535. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.redox.2020.101535.

Anton SD, Moehl K, Donahoo WT, et al. Flipping the Metabolic Switch: Understanding and Applying the Health Benefits of Fasting. Obesity (Silver Spring) 2018; 26(2):254–268, https://doi.org/10.1002/oby.22065.

Freire R. Scientific evidence of diets for weight loss: Different macronutrient composition, intermittent fasting, and popular diets. Nutrition. 2020; 69:110549. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.nut.2019.07.001

Taetzsch A, Roberts SB, Bukhari A. et al. Eating Timing: Associations with Dietary Intake and Metabolic Health. J Acad Nutr Diet. 2021;121(4):738–748. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jand.2020.10.001

Centro de Desarrollo de la Organización para la Cooperación y el Desarrollo Económicos, (2017). Perspectivas económicas de América Latina 2017, 1-25. http://dx.doi.org/10.1787/leo-2017-es.

Parvaresh A, Razavi R, Abbasi B. et al. Modified alternateday fasting vs. calorie restriction in the treatment of patients with metabolic syndrome: A randomized clinical trial. Complement Ther Med. 2019; 47:102187. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ctim.2019.08.021

Sandoval C, Santibañez S, Villagrán F. Effectiveness of intermittent fasting to potentiate weight loss or muscle gains in humans younger than 60 years old: a systematic review. Int J Food Sci Nutr. 2021;72(6):734–745. https://doi.org/10.1080/09637486.2020.1868412

Sutton EF, Beyl R, Early KS, Cefalu WT, Ravussin E, Peterson CM. Early Time-Restricted Feeding Improves Insulin Sensitivity, Blood Pressure, and Oxidative Stress Even without Weight Loss in Men with Prediabetes. Cell Metab. 2018; 27(6):1212–1221.e3. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cmet.2018.04.010.

Senoner T, Dichtl W. Oxidative Stress in Cardiovascular Diseases: Still a Therapeutic Target? Nutrients. 2019; 11(9):2090. https://doi.org/10.3390/nu11092090.

Currenti W, Godos J, Castellano S. et al. Association between Time Restricted Feeding and Cognitive Status in Older Italian Adults. Nutrients. 2021; 13(1):191. https://doi.org/10.3390/nu13010191.

Lee JH, Verma N, Thakkar N, Yeung C, Sung HK. Intermittent Fasting: Physiological Implications on Outcomes in Mice and Men. Physiology 2020; 35(3):185-195. https://doi.org/10.1152/physiol.00030.2019.

Waldman HS, Renteria LI, McAllister MJ. Time-restricted feeding for the prevention of cardiometabolic diseases in high-stress occupations: a mechanistic review. Nutr Rev. 2020; 78(6):459-464, https://doi.org/10.1093/nutrit/nuz090.

Williamson E, Moore DR. A Muscle-Centric Perspective on Intermittent Fasting: A Suboptimal Dietary Strategy for Supporting Muscle Protein Remodeling and Muscle Mass? Front Nutr 2021; 8: 640621. https://doi.org/10.3389/fnut.2021.640621.

Daas MC, de Roos NM. Intermittent fasting contributes to aligned circadian rhythms through interactions with the gut microbiome. Benef Microbes. 2021; 12(2):147-161. https://doi.org/10.3920/bm2020.0149.

Liu K, Liu B, Heilbronn LK. Intermittent fasting: What questions should we be asking? Physiol Behav. 2020; 218:112827. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.physbeh.2020.112827.

Gabel K, Cienfuegos S, Kalam F, Ezpeleta M, Varady KA. Time-Restricted Eating to Improve Cardiovascular Health. Curr Atheroscler Rep. 2021; 23(5):22. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11883-021-00922-7.

Teong XT, Heilbronn LK. Evidence gaps and potential roles of intermittent fasting in the prevention of chronic diseases. Exp Gerontol. 2021; 153:111506. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.exger.2021.111506.

Morales-Suarez-Varela M, Collado Sánchez E, Peraita-Costa I, Llopis-Morales A, Soriano JM. Intermittent Fasting and the Possible Benefits in Obesity, Diabetes, and Multiple Sclerosis: A Systematic Review of Randomized Clinical Trials. Nutrients. 2021; 13(9):3179. https://doi.org/10.3390/nu13093179

Wang X, Yang Q, Liao Q, et al. Effects of intermittent fasting diets on plasma concentrations of inflammatory biomarkers: A systematic review and meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials. Nutrition. 2020; 79-80:110974. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.nut.2020.110974.

Templeman I, Gonzalez JT, Thompson D, Betts JA. The role of intermittent fasting and meal timing in weight management and metabolic health. Proc Nutr Soc. 2020 26; 79(1):76–87. https://doi.org/10.1017/s0029665119000636.

Gasmi M, Sellami M, Denham J, et al. Time-restricted feeding influences immune responses without compromising muscle performance in older men. Nutrition. 2018; 51-52:29–37. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.nut.2017.12.014.

Fanti M, Mishra A, Longo VD, Brandhorst S. Time-Restricted Eating, Intermittent Fasting, and Fasting-Mimicking Diets in Weight Loss. Curr Obes Rep. 2021; 10 (2):70–80. https://doi.org/10.1007/s13679-021-00424-2.

Mirmiran P, Bahadoran Z, Gaeini Z, Moslehi N, Azizi F. Effects of Ramadan intermittent fasting on lipid and lipoprotein parameters: An updated meta-analysis. Nutr Metab Cardiovasc Dis. 2019; 29 (9):906-915. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.numecd.2019.05.056.

Abdellatif M, Sedej S. Cardiovascular benefits of intermittent fasting. Cardiovasc Res. 2020; 116(3):e36-38. https://doi.org/10.1093/cvr/cvaa022.

Rynders CA, Thomas EA, Zaman A, Pan Z, Catenacci VA, Melanson EL. Effectiveness of Intermittent Fasting and Time-Restricted Feeding Compared to Continuous Energy Restriction for Weight Loss. Nutrients. 2019; 11(10):2442. https://doi.org/10.3390/nu11102442.

Moon S, Kang J, Kim SH, et al. Beneficial Effects of Time-Restricted Eating on Metabolic Diseases: A Systemic Review and Meta-Analysis. Nutrients. 2020; 12(5):1267. https://doi.org/10.3390/nu12051267.

Kolbe I, Oster H. Chronodisruption, metabolic homeostasis, and the regulation of inflammation in adipose tissues. Yale J Biol Med. 2019; 92(2):317–325.

Su J, Wang Y, Zhang X, et al. Remodeling of the gut microbiome during Ramadan-associated intermittent fasting. Am J Clin Nutr. 2021; 113(5):1332-1342. https://doi.org/10.1093/ajcn/nqaa388

Ravussin E, Beyl RA, Poggiogalle E, Hsia DS, Peterson CM. Early Time‐Restricted Feeding Reduces Appetite and Increases Fat Oxidation But Does Not Affect Energy Expenditure in Humans. Obesity. 2019;27(8):1244-1254, https://doi.org/10.1002/oby.22518.

Chaix A, Manoogian ENC, Melkani GC, Panda S. Time-Restricted Eating to Prevent and Manage Chronic Metabolic Diseases. Annu Rev Nutr. 2019; 39(1):291-315. https://doi.org/10.1146/annurev-nutr-082018-124320.

Mogensen CS, Færch K, Bruhn L et. al. Timing and Frequency of Daily Energy Intake in Adults with Prediabetes and Overweight or Obesity and Their Associations with Body Fat. Nutrients. 2020; 12(11):3484. https://doi.org/10.3390/nu12113484.

Adafer R, Messaadi W, Meddahi M, et al. Food Timing, Circadian Rhythm and Chrononutrition: A Systematic Review of Time-Restricted Eating’s Effects on Human Health. Nutrients. 2020; 12(12):3770. https://doi.org/10.3390/nu12123770

Peeke PM, Greenway FL, Billes SK, Zhang D, Fujioka K. Effect of time restricted eating on body weight and fasting glucose in participants with obesity: results of a randomized, controlled, virtual clinical trial. Nutr Diabetes. 2021;11(1):6. https://doi.org/10.1038/s41387-021-00149-0.

Enríquez Guerrero A, San Mauro Martín I, Garicano Vilar E, Camina Martín MA. Effectiveness of an intermittent fasting diet versus continuous energy restriction on anthropometric measurements, body composition and lipid profile in overweight and obese adults: a meta-analysis. Eur J Clin Nutr. 2021 9;75(7):1024–1039, https://doi.org/10.1038/s41430-020-00821-1.

Queiroz JDN, Macedo RCO, Tinsley GM, Reischak-Oliveira A. Time-restricted eating and circadian rhythms: the biological clock is ticking. Crit Rev Food Sci Nutr. 2021; 61(17):2863-2875. https://doi.org/10.1080/10408398.2020.1789550.

Zubrzycki A, Cierpka-Kmiec K, Kmiec Z, Wronska A. The role of low-calorie diets and intermittent fasting in the treatment of obesity and type-2 diabetes. J Physiol Pharmacol. 2018;69(5):663-683, https://doi.org/10.26402/jpp.2018.5.02.

Attinà A, Leggeri C, Paroni R et al. Fasting: How to Guide. Nutrients. 2021; 13(5):1570. https://doi.org/10.3390/nu13051570.

Cho Y, Hong N, Kim KW et al. The Effectiveness of Intermittent Fasting to Reduce Body Mass Index and Glucose Metabolism: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis. J Clin Med 2019;8(10):1645. https://doi.org/10.3390/jcm8101645.

Mladenovic Djordjevic A, Loncarevic-Vasiljkovic N, Gonos ES. Dietary Restriction and Oxidative Stress: Friends or Enemies? Antioxid Redox Signal. 2021; 34(5):421-438. https://doi.org/10.1089/ars.2019.7959.

Duregon E, Pomatto-Watson LCDD, Bernier M, Price NL, de Cabo R. Intermittent fasting: from calories to time restriction. Geroscience. 2021;43(3):1083-1092. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11357-021-00335-z.

Andriessen C, Schrauwen P, Hoeks J. The importance of 24-h metabolism in obesity-related metabolic disorders: opportunities for timed interventions. Int J Obes (Lond). 2021; 45(3):479-490. https://doi.org/10.1038/s41366-020-00719-9.

Jones R, Pabla P, Mallinson J et al. Two weeks of early time-restricted feeding (eTRF) improves skeletal muscle insulin and anabolic sensitivity in healthy men. Am J Clin Nutr. 2020; 112(4):1015–1028. https://doi.org/10.1093/ajcn/nqaa192

Rajpal A, Ismail-Beigi F. Intermittent fasting and ‘metabolic switch’: Effects on metabolic syndrome, prediabetes and type 2 diabetes. Diabetes Obes Metab. 2020; 22(9):1496–510, https://doi.org/10.1111/dom.14080.

Jamshed H, Beyl RA, Della Manna DL, Yang ES, Ravussin E, Peterson CM. Early Time-Restricted Feeding Improves 24-Hour Glucose Levels and Affects Markers of the Circadian Clock, Aging, and Autophagy in Humans. Nutrients. 2019; 11(6):1234 https://doi.org/10.3390/nu11061234.