Covid-19 y embarazo: revisión narrativa sobre el comportamiento clínico-epidemiológico, repercusiones y riesgo de transmisión vertical
Contenido principal del artículo
Resumen
La COVID-19, enfermedad causada por el coronavirus denominado SARSCoV-2, fue declarada como pandemia por la OMS el 11 de marzo del 2020. Venezuela, último país de América Latina en evidenciar la presencia del virus, el 13 de marzo del 2020, mantiene el aumento de la curva de casos en la actualidad, con mayor incidencia en el grupo de edad comprendido entre los 20 y 29 años, que engloba a las mujeres en edad reproductiva. Durante el embarazo ocurren cambios fisiológicos en la embarazada que la predisponen a un mayor riesgo de infecciones y complicaciones ante enfermedades respiratorias como la COVID-19. Los factores de riesgo asociados a enfermedad grave y mortalidad por la COVID-19 durante el embarazo son: edad mayor a 35 años, raza negra o hispana, obesidad, Hipertensión Arterial y Diabetes. La mayoría de las gestantes COVID-19 positivas son asintomáticas o presentan síntomas leves. Los síntomas más comunes son: tos, fiebre, cefalea, mialgias, dificultad para respirar, pérdida del gusto y el olfato. La mortalidad materna parece ser más alta en embarazadas COVID-19 positivas, así como, se ha asociado a un incremento en las tasas generales de partos prematuros y cesáreas. En cuanto a las repercusiones fetales, se ha informado un aumento de la tasa de mortinatos entre las gestantes hospitalizadas por COVID-19. No existen criterios establecidos para su diagnóstico de la transmisión vertical del SARS-CoV-2, por lo que el riesgo aún no es claro. Se han publicado pocos trabajos que reportan una baja incidencia de aproximadamente el 3%
COVID-19, a disease caused by the coronavirus called SARS-CoV-2, was declared a pandemic by the WHO on March 11, 2020. Venezuela, the last country in Latin America to show the presence of the virus, on March 13. 2020, maintains the increase in the curve of cases at present, with the highest incidence in the age group between 20 and 29 years, which includes women of reproductive age. During pregnancy, physiological changes occur in the pregnant woman that predispose her to a greater risk of infections and complications from respiratory diseases such as COVID-19. Risk factors associated with serious illness and mortality from COVID-19 during pregnancy are: age over 35, black or Hispanic race, obesity, high blood pressure, and diabetes. Most COVID-19 positive pregnant women are asymptomatic or have mild symptoms. The most common symptoms are: cough, fever, headache, myalgia, shortness of breath, loss of taste and smell. Maternal mortality appears to be higher in COVID-19 positive pregnant women, and it has also been associated with an increase in overall rates of preterm birth and cesarean section. Regarding fetal repercussions, an increase in the stillbirth rate has been reported among pregnant women hospitalized for COVID-19. There are no established criteria for its diagnosis of vertical transmission of SARS-CoV-2, so the risk is not yet clear. Few articles have been published reporting a low incidence of approximately 3%
Descargas
Detalles del artículo
Citas
Organización Panamericana de la Salud/Organización Mundial de la Salud. “Actualización epidemiológica: Enfermedad por Coronavirus (COVID-19)” [Internet]. 14 de abril de 2021, Washington, D.C. [Citado 17 de abril del 2021] Disponible en: https://www.paho.org/es/documentos/ actualizacion-epidemiologicaenfermedad-por-coronaviruscovid-1 9-1 4-abril-2021.
Guo, YR, Cao, QD, Hong, ZS, Tan, YY, Chen, SD, Jin, HJ, Tan, KS, Wang, DY y Yan, Y. “El origen, la transmisión y las terapias clínicas del brote de la enfermedad por coronavirus 2019 (COVID-19): una actualización del estado”. Mil Med Res [Internet]. 2020. [Citado 17 de abril del 2021]; 7(11). Disponible en: https://pubmed. ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/32169119/
CDC. People at Increased Risk. [Internet]. [Citado 1 de mayo del 2021]. Disponible en: https://www.cdc.gov/ coronavirus/2019-ncov/needextra-precautions/index.html.
Robinson, D., Klein, S. “Pregnancy and pregnancy-associated hormones alter immune responses and disease pathogenesis” [Internet]. Horm Behav. 2012. [Citado el 5 de mayo del 2021]; 62(3), 263–271. Disponible en: https://pubmed. ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/22406114/.
Cunningham; Leveno; Bloom; Dashe; Hoffman; Casey; Spong. Williams. Obstetricia. 25° edición. Ciudad de México: McGRAW-HILL; 2019. [Citado el 5 de mayo del 2021].
MPPS. COVID-19: boletín nacional [Internet]. Patria Blog. 01 de noviembre, 2021. [Citado 01 de noviembre del 2021]. Disponible en: http://www.mpps.gob.ve/.
MPPS. COVID-19: boletín internacional OMS [Internet]. Patria Blog. 1 de noviembre, 2021. [Citado 1 denoviembre del 2021]. Disponible en: http://www.mpps.gob.ve/.
Carvajal, A., Azpurua, H., Romero, M., Márquez, D., Tami, A., Finali, P., Correa, L., Oletta, J.F., Rodrígues, A., Grupo de Especialistas de la Red COVID-19 y Gestación. “COVID-19 y Embarazo: Perspectivas para Venezuela” [Internet]. Rev Panam Enf Inf. 2019. [Citado 1 de mayo del 2021];, 2(2):49-53. Disponible en: https://www.researchgate. net/publication/343546521_ COVID-19_y_Embarazo_ Perspectivas_para_Venezuela.
CDC. How COVID-19 Spreads [Internet]. [Citado 2 de mayo del 2021]. Disponible en: https:// www.cdc.gov/coronavirus/2019- ncov/prevent-getting-sick/how-covid-spreads.html.
He, X., Lau, EHY, Wu, P. et al.”Temporal dynamics in viral shedding and transmissibility of COVID-19” [Internet]. Nat Med. 2020. [Citado 11 de mayo del 2021]; 26, 672–675. Disponible en: https://www.nature. com/articles/s41591-020-0869-5.
Zou, L., Ruan, F., Huang, M., Liang, L., Huang, H., Hong, Z., Yu, J., Kang, M., Song, Y., Xia, J., Guo, Q., Song, T., He, J., Yen, HL, Peiris, M. y Wu, J. “SARS-CoV-2 Viral Load in Upper Respiratory Specimens of Infected Patients” [Internet]. The New England Journal of Medicine. 2020 [Citado 11 de mayo del 2021]; 382 (12): 1177–1179. Disponible en: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih. gov/pmc/articles/PMC7121626/.
CDC. Symptoms of COVID-19 [Internet]. [Citado 1 de mayo del 2021]. Disponible en: https://www. cdc.gov/coronavirus/2019-ncov/ symptoms-testing/symptoms.html.
Wu Z, McGoogan JM. “Characteristics of and Important Lessons From the Coronavirus Disease 2019 (COVID-19) Outbreak in China: Summary of a Report of 72 314 Cases From the Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention” [Internet]. JAMA. 2020. [Citado 11 de mayo del 2021] ;323(13):1239–1242. Disponible en: https://jamanetwork.com/ journals/jama/fullarticle/2762130.
Wang D, Hu B, Hu C, Zhu F, Liu X, Zhang J, Wang B, Xiang H, Cheng Z, Xiong Y, Zhao Y, Li Y, Wang X, Peng Z. “Clinical Characteristics of 138 Hospitalized Patients With 2019 Novel CoronavirusInfected Pneumonia in Wuhan, China” [Internet]. JAMA. 2020 Mar 17. [Citado 11 de mayo del 2021]; 323(11):1061-1069. Disponible en: https://pubmed. ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/32031570/.
Vakili K, Fathi M, Pezeshgi A, Mohamadkhani A, Hajiesmaeili M, Rezaei-Tavirani M, Sayehmiri F. “Critical complications of COVID-19: A descriptive meta-analysis study” [Internet]. Rev Cardiovasc Med. 2020 septiembre 30 [Citado 12 de mayo del 2021]; 21(3):433-442. Disponible en: https://pubmed. ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/33070547/.
Lozada I.; Núñez C. “COVID-19: respuesta inmune y perspectivas terapéuticas” [Internet]. Rev Peru Med Exp Salud Publica. AprJun 2020. [Citado 16 de mayo del 2021]; 37 (2). Disponible en: https://scielosp.org/article/ rpmesp/2020.v37n2/312-319/.
Marañón T.; Mastrapa K.; Poulut T.; Vaillant L. “COVID-19 y embarazo: Una aproximación en tiempos de pandemia” [Internet]. MEDISAN. 2020 Ago. [Citado 16 de mayo del 2021]; 24 (4):707- 727. Disponible en: http://scielo. sld.cu/scielo.php?script=sci_
Zambrano, Laura D et al. “Update: Characteristics of Symptomatic Women of Reproductive Age with Laboratory-Confirmed SARS-CoV-2 Infection by Pregnancy Status – United States, January 22-October 3, 2020” [Internet]. MMWR. Informe semanal de morbilidad y mortalidad. 6 de noviembre de 2020. [Citado 18 de mayo del 2021]; 69 (44):1641-1647. Disponible en: https://pubmed. ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/33151921/.
Karimi L, Makvandi S, VahedianAzimi A, Sathyapalan T, Sahebkar A. “Effect of COVID-19 on Mortality of Pregnant and Postpartum Women: A Systematic Review and MetaAnalysis. J Pregnancy” [Internet]. 2021 Mar. [Citado 20 de mayo del 2021]; 5;2021:8870129. Disponible en: https://pubmed. ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/33728066/.
Royal College of Obstetricians and Gynaecologists, Royal College of Midwives, Royal College of Paediatrics and Child Health, Public Health England y Public Health Scotland. “Coronavirus (COVID-19) infection and pregnancy” [Internet]. Versión 13: 19 de febrero del 2021. [Citado 16 de mayo del 2021]. Disponible en: https://www.rcog. org.uk/coronavirus-pregnancy.
DeBolt, C. A., Bianco, A., Limaye, M. A., Silverstein, J., Penfield, C. A., Roman, A. S., Rosenberg, H. M., Ferrara, L., Lambert, C., Khoury, R., Bernstein, P. S., Burd, J., Berghella, V., Kaplowitz, E., Overbey, J. R., & Stone, J. “Pregnant women with severe or critical coronavirus disease 2019 have increased composite morbidity compared with nonpregnant matched controls” [Internet]. American journal of obstetrics and gynecology. 2021. [Citado 16 de mayo del 2021]; 224(5). 510.e1–510.e12. Disponible en: https://pubmed. ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/33221292/.
CDC. Pregnant People [Internet]. [Citado 2 de mayo del 2021] Disponible en: https://www. cdc.gov/coronavirus/2019- ncov/need-extra-precautions/ p r e g n a n t – p e o p l e . h t m l .
Yanes-Lane M, Winters N, Fregonese F, Bastos M, Perlman-Arrow S, Campbell JR, Menzies D. “Proportion of asymptomatic infection among COVID-19 positive persons and their transmission potential: A systematic review and meta-analysis” [Internet]. PLoS One. 2020 Nov 3. [Citado 20 de mayo del 2021]; 15(11):e0241536. Disponible en: https://pubmed. ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/33141862/.
Allotey, J., Stallings, E., Bonet, M., Yap, M., Chatterjee, S., Kew, T., Debenham, L., Llavall, AC, Dixit, A., Zhou, D., Balaji , R., Lee, SI, Qiu, X., Yuan, M., Coomar, D., van Wely, M., van Leeuwen, E., Kostova, E., Kunst, H., Khalil, A., … For PregCOV-19 Living Systematic Review Consortium. “Clinical manifestations, risk factors, and maternal and perinatal outcomes of coronavirus disease 2019 in pregnancy: living systematic review and meta-analysis” [Internet]. BMJ (Clinical research ed.). 2020. [Citado 20 de mayo del 2021]; 370 , m3320. Disponible en: https://www.bmj. com/content/370/bmj.m3320.
Oshay RR, Chen MYC, Fields BKK, Demirjian NL, Lee RS, Mosallaei D, Gholamrezanezhad A. “COVID-19 in pregnancy: a systematic review of chest CT findings and associated clinical features in 427 patients” [Internet]. Clin Imaging. 2021 Jan 13. [Citado 20 de mayo del 2021]; 75:75- 82. Disponible en: https://pubmed. ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/33508754/.
Juan J, Gil MM, Rong Z, Zhang Y, Yang H, Poon LC. “Effect of coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) on maternal, perinatal and neonatal outcome: systematic review” [Internet]. Ultrasound Obstet Gynecol. 2020 Jul. [Citado 22 de mayo del 2021]; 56(1):15- 27. Disponible en: https://pubmed. ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/32430957/.
Elshafeey F, Magdi R, Hindi N, Elshebiny M, Farrag N, Mahdy S, Sabbour M, Gebril S, Nasser M, Kamel M, Amir A, Maher Emara M, Nabhan A. “A systematic scoping review of COVID-19 during pregnancy and childbirth” [Internet]. Int J Gynaecol Obstet. 2020 Jul. [Citado 22 de mayo del 2021]; 150(1):47-52. Disponible en: https://pubmed. ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/32330287/.
Metz TD, Clifton RG, Hughes BL, Sandoval G, Saade GR, Grobman WA, Manuck TA, Miodovnik M, Sowles A, Clark K, GyamfiBannerman C, Mendez-Figueroa H, Sehdev HM, Rouse DJ, Tita ATN, Bailit J, Costantine MM, Simhan HN, Macones GA; Eunice Kennedy Shriver National Institute of Child Health and Human Development (NICHD) Maternal-Fetal Medicine Units (MFMU) Network. “Disease Severity and Perinatal Outcomes of Pregnant Patients With Coronavirus Disease 2019 (COVID-19)” [Internet]. Obstet Gynecol. 2021 Apr 1. [Citado 22 de mayo del 2021]; 137(4):571-580. Disponible en: https://pubmed. ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/33560778/.
Pierce-Williams RAM, Burd J, Felder L, Khoury R, Bernstein PS, Avila K, Penfield CA, Roman AS, DeBolt CA, Stone JL, Bianco A, Kern-Goldberger AR, Hirshberg A, Srinivas SK, Jayakumaran JS, Brandt JS, Anastasio H, Birsner M, O’Brien DS, Sedev HM, Dolin CD, Schnettler WT, Suhag A, Ahluwalia S, Navathe RS, Khalifeh A, Anderson K, Berghella V. “Clinical course of severe and critical coronavirus disease 2019 in hospitalized pregnancies: a United States cohort study” [Internet]. Am J Obstet Gynecol MFM. 2020 Aug. [Citado 22 de mayo del 2021] ;2(3):100134. Disponible en: https://pubmed. ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/32391519/.
Jering KS, Claggett BL, Cunningham JW, et al. “Clinical Characteristics and Outcomes of Hospitalized Women Giving Birth With and Without COVID-19” [Internet]. JAMA Intern Med. 2021. [Citado 25 de mayo del 2021]; 181(5):714–717. Disponible en: https://jamanetwork.com/ journals/jamainternalmedicine/ fullarticle/2775396?guestAcce ssKey=3ca4a5f5-9377-4e0a9bf7-ab006da3f6ed&utm_ source=For_The_Media&utm_ medium=referral&utm_ campaign=ftm_links&utm_ content=tfl&utm_term=011521.
Katz D, Bateman BT, Kjaer K, Turner DP, Spence NZ, Habib AS, George RB, Toledano RD, Grant G, Madden HE, Butwick AJ, Lynde G, Minehart RD, Beilin Y, Houle TT, Sharpe EE, Kodali B, Bharadwaj S, Farber MK, Palanisamy A, Prabhu M, Gonzales NY, Landau R, Leffert L. “The Society for Obstetric Anesthesia and Perinatology (SOAP) COVID-19 Registry: An analysis of outcomes among pregnant women delivering during the initial SARS-CoV-2 outbreak in the United States” [Internet]. Anesth Analg. 2021 Apr 8. [Citado 25 de mayo del 2021]. Disponible en: https://pubmed. ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/33830956/.
Kotlyar AM, Grechukhina O, Chen A, Popkhadze S, Grimshaw A, Tal O, Taylor HS, Tal R. “Vertical transmission of coronavirus disease 2019: a systematic review and meta-analysis”. [Internet]. Am J Obstet Gynecol. 2021 Jan. [Citado 25 de mayo del 2021]; 224(1):35- 53. Disponible en: https://pubmed. ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/32739398/.
Woodworth KR, Olsen EO, Neelam V, Lewis EL, Galang RR, Oduyebo T, Aveni K, Yazdy MM, Harvey E, Longcore ND, Barton J, Fussman C, Siebman S, Lush M, Patrick PH, Halai UA, Valencia-Prado M, Orkis L, Sowunmi S, Schlosser L, Khuwaja S, Read JS, Hall AJ, Meaney-Delman D, Ellington SR, Gilboa SM, Tong VT; CDC COVID-19 Response Pregnancy and Infant Linked Outcomes Team; COVID-19 Pregnancy and Infant Linked Outcomes Team (PILOT). “Birth and Infant Outcomes Following Laboratory-Confirmed SARS-CoV-2 Infection in Pregnancy – SET-NET, 16 Jurisdictions, March 29-October 14, 2020” [Internet]. MMWR Morb Mortal Wkly Rep. 2020 Nov 6. [Citado 26 de mayo del 2021]; 69(44):1635-1640. Disponible en: https://pubmed. ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/33151917/.
WHO scientific brief. “Definition and categorization of the timing of mother-to-child transmission of SARS-CoV-2” [Internet]. February 8, 2021. [Citado 20 de mayo del 2021]. Disponible en: https:// www.who.int/publications/i/ item/WHO-2019-nCoV-motherto-child-transmission-2021.1.
Kirtsman, M., Diambomba, Y., Poutanen, S. M., Malinowski, A. K., Vlachodimitropoulou, E., Parks, W. T., Erdman, L., Morris, S. K., & Shah, P. S. “Probable congenital SARS-CoV-2 infection in a neonate born to a woman with active SARSCoV-2 infection” [Internet]. CMAJ: Canadian Medical Association journal. 2020. [Citado 18 de mayo del 2021]; 192(24). Disponible en: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih. gov/pmc/articles/PMC7828840/.
Penfield CA, Brubaker SG, Limaye MA, Lighter J, Ratner AJ, Thomas KM, Meyer JA, Roman AS. “Detection of severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 in placental and fetal membrane samples” [Internet]. Am J Obstet Gynecol MFM. 2020 Aug. [Citado 25 de mayo del 2021]; 2(3). Disponible en: https://pubmed. ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/32391518/.
Pique-Regi R, Romero R, Tarca AL, Luca F, Xu Y, Alazizi A, Leng Y, Hsu CD, Gomez-Lopez N. “Does the human placenta express the canonical cell entry mediators for SARS-CoV-2?” [Internet]. Elife. 2020 Jul 14. [Citado 25 de mayo del 2021]; 9:e58716. Disponible en: https://pubmed. ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/32662421/.
WHO. “Breastfeeding and COVID-19” [Internet]. Scientific Brief. 23 June 2020. [Citado 22 de mayo del 2021]. Disponible en: https://www.who.int/ publications/i/item/10665332639.
Chambers C, Krogstad P, Bertrand K, Contreras D, Tobin NH, Bode L, Aldrovandi G. “Evaluation for SARS-CoV-2 in Breast Milk From 18 Infected Women” [Internet]. JAMA. 2020 Oct 6. [Citado 22 de mayo del 2021]; 324(13):1347-1348. Disponible en: https://pubmed. ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/32822495/.
Temitope Awelewa. “Lactancia materna durante la pandemia del COVID-19” [Internet]. Academia Americana de Pediatría. 2021. [Citado 22 de mayo del 2021]. Disponible en: https://www. healthychildren.org/Spanish/ health-issues/conditions/ COVID-19/Paginas/BreastfeedingDuring-COVID-19.aspx.